Additive Manufacturing Across Scales: Materials, Processes and Applications

Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has evolved from a rapid prototyping technology for polymer components to a transformative manufacturing process capable of producing large-scale concrete structures. This paper explores the technological advancements that enable 3D printing across different scales, highlighting the transition from small-scale polymer-based fabrication to large-scale cementitious material deposition. Key aspects such as material properties, printing techniques, structural performance, and sustainability implications are examined. By comparing processes, challenges, and applications at different scales, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how additive manufacturing is reshaping both industrial production and the construction sector.